Manpreet Kaur, Monika Dogra, Sumit Kumar
Introduction: Sele is a self-portrait photograph, typically taken with a digital camera or camera phone held in the hand or supported by a sele stick. Seles are often shared on social networking services such as Facebook, Instagram and Twitter, and then people are waiting for comments of friends and others. This has led to chain of reactions leading to a complex addiction disorder which we may be easily called as Sele addiction disorder. A sele addiction is when a person is almost obsessively taking seles, multiple times a day, and posting. This might lead to certain psychological disorders like low self-esteem when they do not get positive comments for their seles.
Objectives: To assess sele addiction and self- esteem among nursing students.
Material and methods: Non-experimental correlational research design was used to conduct study at Khalsa college of Nursing, Amritsar. Purposive sampling technique was used to select the study sample. Data collection was done using Questionnaire comprised of a)socio-demographic prole of students, b)Standardized seltis behaviour scale to assess sele addiction and c)Standardized Rosenberg self-esteem scale to assess self-esteem.
Results: Among 372 nursing students more than half (56.5%) of the nursing students had acute sele addiction and majority (91.4%) were having normal self-esteem. There was a very weak negative correlation (r= -.063) between sele addiction and self-esteem. Two third (68%) of the students were using WhatsApp followed by 33.1% using Instagram. One third (37.4%) of the students took seles to send to their friends. There was an association of self-esteem among nursing students with frequency of taking sele (average seles in a day).
Key words: Nursing students; Sele addiction; Self-esteem.
Address for correspondence
Manpreet kaur
M.Sc. (Nsg) Mental health nursing Clinical instructor Khalsa College of Nursing, Amritsar (Punjab) manpreetsandhu238@gmail.com
Introduction:
Over a period of time, technological advancement has given us new . Last two decades were known for computer addiction disorder and disorders. Smartphone has intruded in our daily life so much that without it we cannot survive. Many of today’s generation smartphones are equipped with high resolution camera, called as sele camera. Though people were fond of taking photographs of their own and others since many decades, with sele camera it has led to an extreme effect.1 In the last few years, capturing seles has become a global phenomenon. Individuals from all socio-economic, sexual category, race and age groups take seles in different occasions. It is entertaining and attracts the young minds.2 It is coupled with posting the sele on social networking sites. Further they are waiting for comments of friends and others. This has led to chain of reactions leading to a complex addiction disorder may be known as Sele addiction disorder.1 A sele addiction is when a person is almost obsessively taking seles, multiple times a day and posting that to Snapchat, Facebook or Instagram. This might lead to certain psychological disorders like low self- esteem when they do not get positive comments for their seles.3
In fact, due to seles craze in India the accident rate has become very high. A new research has stated that India has the highest number of sele related deaths in the world. The study maintained that from March 2014 to September 2016, a whopping 60 percent of the sele deaths took place in India.4 The study, entitled Me, Myself and My Kille: Characterizing and Preventing Sele Deaths, has estimated that out of the 127 sele deaths took place across the globe, 76 occurred in India. After tragic sele related deaths Mumbai has ordered a ban on taking seles. It has declared 16 no- sele zones in a bid to stop people putting themselves in danger.5
Researcher has personally experienced and noticed that nowadays sele craze is so much that everyone around, especially youngsters are seen capturing seles and posting it on their social media accounts like Facebook, Instagram and then waiting eagerly for the likes and comments from friends. In case they do not get enough response or negative response they start feeling low about themselves. Further it may affect their behavior and self-esteem to an extent that their relationships start getting affected. Since students in the nursing colleges are also youngsters, they are no exception to this phenomenon, therefore the researcher decided to conduct a study on the relationship between sele addiction and self-esteem among nursing students.
Objective: To assess relationship between sele addiction and self-esteem among nursing students.
Material and Methods: Quantitative research approach with non-experimental correlational research design was utilized in present study. The study was conducted in Khalsa College of Nursing, Amritsar, Punjab. Total 372 nursing students using smart phone and having social media account were selected by using purposive sampling technique. Data was collected through questionnaires consisting of 3 parts. PART A: Socio-demographic prole which consisted of 14 items for obtaining personal information of nursing students such as age (in years), gender, educational status, marital status, type of family, place of living, monthly family income (in rupees), places where most often seles are taken, types of sele shot taken, frequency of taking sele (average in a day), frequency of posting sele (average in a day), insecurity after taking sele, social media account, main reasons behind taking seles. Part B was Seltis behaviour scale (Dr. Janarthanan Balakrishnan & Dr. Mark D Grifths) which consisted of 20 items to assess sele addiction among nursing scale ( 4 =strongly agree; 3 =agree; 2=disagree; 1= strongly disagree). Items 2, students.6 Permission was obtained from 5, 6, 8, 9 were reverse scored. Score ranged the authors.
It is a ve-point likert scale: (5=strongly agree; 4=agree; 3=neither agree or disagree; 2 =disagree; 1 = strongly disagree). The total items in the scale are 20. I t e m s 1 , 7 , 1 3 a n d 1 9 r e l a t e d t o environmental enhancement, Items 2, 8, 14 and 20 related to social competition, Items 3, 9 and 15 related to attention seeking, Items 4, 10 and 16 related to mood modication, Items 5, 11, 17 related to self condence, Items 6, 12, 18 related to social conformity. Maximum score was100 whereas minimum score was one(1). (Table-1)
Part C : Rosenberg self-esteem scale (Rosenberg, M. 1965): The scale is a 10 items Likert scale that measures global self- worth by measuring both positive and negative feelings about the self. All items are answered using a 4- point likert scale format ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree. Criterion measures: It is four-point likert from 0-30, higher score indicated higher self-esteem i.e. normal self esteem (16-30) and low self esteem (0-15). (Table-2)
Prior to data collection procedure, the formal permission was obtained from the principal of selected college, Amritsar Punjab. On the day of data collection, the researcher gave self-introduction to the nursing students and explained the purpose of gathering information. They were assured that the responses will be kept condential and information will be used only for research purpose. Informed written consent was taken from participants. It was a self-administered tool and the time taken by each student for lling up the tool was 25 – 30 minutes approximately. The responses were statistically analysed using descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation and inferential statistics such as Chi square test and ndings were presented by using bar diagrams, Pie charts and tables. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 16.0 software.
Table 1: Scoring of Level of selfitis behavior scale
| S NO. | LEVEL OF SELFIE ADDICTION | RANGE |
| 1 | Border line | 1-33 |
| 2 | Acute | 34-67 |
| 3 | Chronic | 68-100 |
Table 2: Scoring of level of self-esteem
| S.NO | LEVEL OF SELF ESTEEM | RANGE |
| 1 | Normal self esteem | 16-30 |
| 2 | Low self esteem | 0-15 |
Results:
T a b l e 3 : S o c i o d e m o g r a p h i c Characteristics of participants
N=372
| Variables | n(%) |
| Age (in years)
17-18 19-20 21-22 Above-22 |
47(12.6)
155(41.7) 121(32.5) 49(13.2) |
| Gender
Male Female |
31(8.3)
341(91.7) |
| Educational status
A.N.M G.N.M B.Sc. Nursing Post basic B.Sc. Nursing M.Sc. Nursing |
16(4.3)
115(30.9) 205(55.1) 24(6.5) 12(3.2) |
| Type of family
Nuclear Joint |
273(73.4)
99(26.6) |
| Place of living
Hostel Home Paying guest With Relatives |
69(18.5)
269(72.3) 23( 6.2) 11( 3.0) |
| Marital status
Married Unmarried |
15(4.0)
357(96.0) |
| Monthly family income(in rupees)
10,000-15,000 15,001-20000 20001-25000 Above-25000 |
73(19.6)
61(16.4) 60(16.1) 178(47.8) |
Table 3 shows that age of 41.7% students was from 19-20 years followed by 32.5% were of 21-22 years. Majority (91.7%) of the students were females and only 8.3% males. More than half (55%) of the subjects were studying in Basic B.Sc. Nursing followed by GNM (30.9%). Whereas 6.5% subjects were studying in Post Basic B.Sc. Nursing and 4.3% in ANM course. Very few (3.2%) subjects were studying in M.Sc. Nursing. Majority (73.4%) of the students hailed from nuclear families and remaining (26.6%) were from joint families. As per place of living 72.3% of the students were residing in their own homes, 18.5% were hostellers and 6.2% were living as paying guests and very few students (3.0%) were living with their relatives. Majority (96%) of students were unmarried and only 4% were married. Nearly half (47.8%) of the students had family income of above Rs.25,000/- followed by Rs.10, 000- 15000/-(19.6%), Rs.15, 001-20,000 (16.4%) and Rs. 20001-25,000/- (16.1%).
Table 4 depicts that considering places where most often seles were taken, 36.6% students took seles at home, and almost e q u a l n u m b e r t o o k s e l e s a t college(30.1%) and public places (30.6%). Very few (2.7%) took seles in a bathroom. As per type of sele shot taken, two-third (61.6%) of the students took sele shot with friends, whereas head/face shot was taken by 25.3% participants, 8.1% sele shot were with surroundings and very few (5.1%) body shots were taken.
On an average daily frequency of taking sele, majority (78.5%) of the students were taking 1-5 seles in a day. According to average daily frequency of posing sele, majority (89.2%) of the students were posting 0-3 seles in a day and very few subjects (4.3%) were posting above 6 seles in a day. According to insecurity after taking sele, more than half (54.3%) of the subjects under study did not get any insecurity, whereas 39.8% subjects felt insecure sometimes. However, 5.9% subjects always felt insecure after taking sele.
Table 4: Selfie taking pattern among participants
| Variable | n(%) |
| Places where most often selfies are taken |
136(36.6) 114(30.6) 112(30.1) 10(2.7) |
| a) Home | |
| b) In public places | |
| c) At college | |
| d)In a bathroom | |
| Types of selfie shot taken | |
| a) Head / face shot | 94(25.3) |
| b) Body shot | 19(5.1) |
| c) With surroundings | 30(8.1) |
| d)With friends | 229(61.6) |
| Frequency of taking selfie(average in a day) | |
| a) 1-5
b) 6-10 Above 10 |
292(78.5)
37(9.9) 43(11.6) |
| Frequency of posting selfie(average in a day) | |
| 0-3 | 332(89.2) |
| 4-6 | 24(6.5) |
| Above 6 | 16(4.3) |
| Insecurity after taking selfie | |
| a) Yes | 22(5.9) |
| b) No | 202(54.3) |
| c) Sometimes | 148 39.(8) |
| Social media account (can tick multiple options) | |
| a) Facebook | 49(13.2) |
| b) Instagram | 123(33.1) |
| c) Whatsapp | 253(68.0) |
| d) Snapchat | 60(16.1) |
| e) All above | 109(29.3) |
| Main reasons behind taking selfies (can tick |
139(37.4) 106(28.5) 43(11.6) 92(24.7) 18(4.8) 69(18.5) |
| multiple options) | |
| a) To send to friends | |
| b) To put on social media | |
| c) To show people that I have friends | |
| d) To share current life style | |
| e) To ask for attention | |
| f) Because I am bored |
Commonly used social media account were WhatsApp (68%), Instagram (33.1%) snapchat (16.1%), Facebook (13.2%) and 29.3% were using all social media account. According to main reasons behind taking seles, 37.4% of the students took seles to send to friends, whereas 28.5% took seles to put on social media. Nearly One fourth (24.7%) of students took seles to share current life style and 11.6% took seles to show people that they have friends. Approximately same perportion of participants took seles because they were f e e l i n g b o r e d ( 1 8 . 5 % ) a n d o t h e r reasons(18%). Very few students (4.8%) were taking seles to seek attention. (table 4)
Table 5 depicts that more than half (56.5%) of the students had acute sele addiction while 42.5% had chronic sele addiction and only 1.1% were having borderline addiction. The overall mean and standard deviation was 64.96+ 12.1. Hence, it is concluded that majority of the nursing students have acute sele addiction.
Table 6 depicts the self-esteem of nursing students. It shows that majority (91.4%) of the students had normal self-esteem and only (8.6%) students had low self-esteem. The overall mean and SD was 18.98+
3.206. Hence, it is concluded that majority of the nursing students have normal level of self-esteem.
Table 7 depicts details of sele behavior scale. More than 70% of participants agree/strongly agree that taking seles gives me a good feeling to better enjoy my environment, taking seles provides better memories about the occasion and the experience, I take seles as trophies for future memories, taking more seles improves my mood and makes me feel happy. More than half of participants were disagree/strongly disagreeing with the statements I feel more popular when I post my seles on social media, I post frequent seles to get more ‘likes’ and comments on social media, When I don’t take seles, I feel detached from my peer group.
Table 8 represents the correlation of sele- addiction and self-esteem among nursing students. The coefcient of correlation of sele addiction and self-esteem among nursing students was calculated using Karl Pearson correlation coefcient formula and very weak negative correlation (r= -.063) between sele addiction and self-esteem among nursing students was found. Hence, it can be concluded that although very weak but negative correlation exist between sele addiction and self-esteem i.e., if sele addiction increase, self-esteem decreases and vice versa.
Table 9 represents the association of self- esteem among nursing students with frequency of taking sele (average in a day). It shows that maximum (292) students were taking 1-5 seles in a day among them majority (89.4%) were having normal self- esteem and remaining (10.6%) were having low self-esteem. Minimum (37) students were taking 6-10 seles in a day among them all (100%) were having normal self- esteem. In order to explore the association of sele addiction with frequency of taking sele (average in a day) of nursing students with was computed by using Fisher exact test and was found to be statistically signicant at p<0.05. Hence, it is concluded that there is an association of self-esteem among nursing students with frequency of taking sele (average in a day).
Table 5: level of selfie addiction among nursing students
N=372
| Level of selfie addiction (Score) | n | (%) Mean + S.D. (Score) |
| Border Line (1-33) | 4 | (1.1) |
| Acute (34-67) | 210 | (56.5) 64.96 + 12.111 |
| Chronic (68-100) | 158 | (42.5) |
| Maximum Score = 100, Minimum Score = 1 |
Table 6: Level of Self esteem among nursing students
N=372
| Level of self-esteem (Score) | n | % Mean + S.D. (Score) |
| Normal (16-30) | 340 | 91.4 18.98+ 3.206 |
| Low (<15) | 32 | 8.6 |
| Maximum Score = 30, Minimum Score = 0 |
Table 7: Details of Selfie Behavior Scale
N-372
| Sr.
No |
Statement | Strongly Agree
5 |
Agree
4 |
Uncertain 3 | Disagree
2 |
Strongly Disagree
1 |
| 1. | Taking seles gives me a good feeling to
better enjoy my environment |
143
(38.4) |
156
(42.0) |
42
(11.3) |
29
(7.8) |
2
(0.5) |
| 2. | Sharing my seles creates healthy competition with my friends and
colleagues |
18
(4.8) |
109
(29.3) |
83
(22.3) |
149
(40.1) |
13
(3.5) |
| 3. | I gain enormous attention by sharing my
seles on social media |
29
(7.8) |
112
(30.1) |
108
(29.0) |
97
(26.1) |
26
(7.0) |
| 4. | I am able to reduce my stress level by
taking seles |
32
(8.6) |
152
(41.9) |
42
(11.3) |
125
(33.6) |
21
(5.6) |
| 5. | I feel condent when I take a sele | 56
(15.1) |
161
(43.3) |
49
(13.2) |
98
(26.3) |
8
(2.2) |
| 6. | I gain more acceptance among my peer group when I take sele and share it on
social media |
69
(18.5) |
112
(30.1) |
72
(19.4) |
102
(27.4) |
11
(3.0) |
| 7. | I am able to express myself more in my
environment through seles |
7
(1.9) |
149
(40.1) |
89
(23.9) |
96
(25.8) |
31
(8.3) |
| 8. | Taking different sele poses helps increase
my social status |
28
(7.5) |
131
(35.2) |
78
(21.0) |
86
(23.1) |
49
(13.2) |
| 9. | I feel more popular when I post my seles
on social media |
18
(4.8) |
39
(10.5) |
111
(29.8) |
152
(40.9) |
52
(14.0) |
| 10. | Taking more seles improves my mood
and makes me feel happy |
102
(27.4) |
162
(43.5) |
70
(10.8) |
32
(8.6) |
6
(1.6) |
| 11. | I become more positive about myself when
I take seles |
92
(24.7) |
137
(36.8) |
89
(23.9) |
36
(9.7) |
18
(4.8) |
| 12. | I become a strong member of my peer
group through sele postings |
49
(13.2) |
148
(39.8) |
103
(27.7) |
66
(17.7) |
6
(1.6) |
| 13. | Taking seles provides better memories
about the occasion and the experience |
192
(51.6) |
169
(45.4) |
5
(1.3) |
4
(1.1) |
2
(0.5) |
| 14. | I post frequent seles to get more ‘likes’
and comments on social media |
59
(15.9) |
112
(30.1) |
11
(3.0) |
108
(29.0) |
82
(22.0) |
| 15. | By posting seles, I expect my friends to
appraise me |
17
(4.6) |
142
(38.2) |
99
(26.6) |
96
(25.8) |
18
(4.8) |
| 16. | Taking seles instantly modies my mood | 98
(26.3) |
152
(40.9) |
68
(18.3) |
46
(12.4) |
8
(2.2) |
| 17. | I take more seles and look at them
privately to increase my condence |
69
(18.5) |
169
(45.4) |
32
(8.6) |
74
(19.9) |
28
(7.5) |
| 18. | When I don’t take seles, I feel detached
from my peer group |
31
(8.3) |
52
(14.0) |
43
(11.6) |
149
(40.1) |
97
(26.1) |
| 19. | I take seles as trophies for future
memories |
142
(38.2) |
166
(44.6) |
28
(7.5) |
28
(7.5) |
8
(2.2) |
| 20. | I use photo editing tools to enhance my
sele to look better than others |
52
(14.0) |
132
(35.5) |
39
(10.5) |
65
(17.5) |
84
(22.6) |
Table 8: Correlation of selfie-addiction and self-esteem among nursing students
N=372
Variable Mean score S.D. r
Self-Esteem 18.98 3.206 -.063NS
Selfie Addiction 64.96 12.111
Self-esteem Score range 0-30 NS=Non-signicant Sele Addiction Score range 1 -100
Table 9: Association of Self -esteem among nursing students with frequency of taking selfie (average in a day).
Frequency of taking
Level of Self-Esteem Tota l df
Fisher
selfie (average in a day)
Normal n(%)
Low n(%)
N exact test
1-5 261(89.4) 31(10.6) 292
6-10 37(100) 0(0) 37
Above 10 42(97.7) 1(2.3) 43
2 7.14*
Maximum Score = 30 * significant at p<0.05 Minimum Score = 0
Discussion: A sele addiction is when a person is almost obsessively taking seles, multiple times a day, and posting that to whatever it might be — Snapchat, or Facebook, Instagram, This might lead to low self-esteem when they do not get positive comments for their seles. Nursing students from all courses were chosen as study subjects and ndings reveal that more than half (56.5%) of the nursing students had acute sele addiction whereas very little (1.1%) had borderline addiction. This nding was supported by the results of a study on sele addiction among 100 college students from selected Arts College, Tirupattur, TamilNadu. The results revealed that more than half (53%) of the students were identied with moderate sele addiction, 41% had mild addiction, less no of students (4%) were addicted severely and 2% of the students were not addicted.8
According to results of present study majority (91.4%) of nursing students had normal self- esteem whereas only few (8.6%) had low self- esteem. Similar ndings were given by a correlational study to assess relationship between self-esteem levels of people who share seles on Facebook and gratications of sharing seles on Facebook among 400 (200 males and 200 females) students from ve colleges in Bangalore. The study highlighted that Out of 400 respondents, 78(19.5%) having high level of self-esteem, other 306 (76.5%) having normal level of self-esteem and rest 17 (4.25%) having low level of self- esteem.9
As per ndings of the relationship between sele addiction and self-esteem of the present study, there was very weak negative correlation (-.063) between sele addiction and self- esteem. Similar ndings were given by a survey that was done to examine the relationships between the addictive use of social media, self esteem, and satisfaction with life among 364 students of Notre Dame University. The Results showed that addictive use of social media had a negative association with self-esteem(r = .23, N = 364, p< .001), and the latter had a positive association with satisfaction with life.10
CONCLUSION
It is concluded from the ndings that very weak but negative correlation (r= -.063) exists between sele addiction and self esteem among nursing students. Mental health nurses should take practical measures to reduce the negative effects of sele addiction such as campaigns can be organized and health education on the awareness of the negative effects of sele addiction would be of greater help. Hence, it is recommended that certain strategies should be used to manage sele addiction as well as to improve self esteem among nursing students.
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