https://doi.org/10.33698/NRF0279-Davinder Kaur, Preety Narula
Abstract:
Background: Students had wide range of preexisting perception about nursing profession as they enter in nursing courses with strong images of the profession and specic expectations of their educational experiences. Objectives: To compare the perception of nursing students towards nursing profession among nursing students undertaking courses in GNM, B.Sc. Nursing, PB B.Sc. Nursing and M.Sc. Nursing. Material and Methods: After ethical approval from Institute Ethics Committee, this cross-sectional study was conducted at Gian Sagar College of Nursing, Ram Nagar in August-September 2016 with sample size of 367 consisting of students undertaking courses in GNM, B.Sc. Nursing, PB B.Sc. Nursing and M.Sc. Nursing. Questionnaire was prepared and got validated from experts in the eld of nursing. It has two parts. Part-1included socio-demographic data. Part II consist of 5 point likert scale consisting of 26 statements related to denition, job, social status, professional status. Maximum score was
Reliability of the tool was checked by Cronbach’s Alpha(r=.766). Written consent of all participants was taken and questionnaire was lled by nursing students in their free time. Data was analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistical. Results: One-third (32%) students reported that they joined profession to serve humanity and 100(27%) reported that they wanted to go abroad. Two hundred and thirty-ve (64%) reported that they want to go for higher study after completion of course and 216(59%) wanted to do clinical duties. Maximum students agree with denition of nursing and 52% students disagree that nurses maintain sympathetic attitude with their patients. Maximum students agree with job pattern and social status whereas 141(38%) students were moderately satised with salary. Perception score of GNM, M.Sc. Nursing & PB B.Sc. Nursing students was signicantly higher (p<0.001) than B.Sc. nursing students. Multiple comparison has shown that there was signicant difference (p<0.05) between perception score and plan for higher study and plan to join after course completion There was no signicant(p>0.05) association between mean perception scores and age, qualication, marital status, habitat, any family member in nursing. Conclusion: All Nursing students irrespective of their course have good perception towards their profession.
Key words: Perception; nursing students
Correspondence at
Davinder Kaur Principal
Gian Sagar College of Nursing, Ramnagar, Rajpura, Patiala.
Introduction
Nursing is responsible for the protection, promotion, and optimization of health, prevention of illness, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations.1 Nursing is a health care profession, which is focused on the care of individuals, families, and communities; so that they can attain, maintain, or recover optimum health. Most of the nursing students believed to have negative attitude towards profession as they thought it has low reputation in society, no well-dened job description, very few administrative posts and no use of higher qualication, more dominance of medical professionals and no autonomy of the profession.2 The image of nursing has been changed and developed throughout history and the outward image of nursing has been improved remarkably within the past 50 years..Professional perception has a great inuence on the development of nursing students and the future quality of nursing.3
Students have a wide range of pre-existing perceptions about nursing. A study of 1000 American nursing students reported that students believed that nursing is physically challenging and there is inadequate respect and recognition of nursing.4 If educators understand the perception of nursing students prior to or during admission to the education program, they can be more aware of potential disparities in students. Further their ideals and expectations of nursing practice can also be known.5
Most of the B. Sc. (N) or M. Sc. (N) qualied nurses choose teaching as profession as it has some autonomy in their teaching work, enhances job satisfaction and higher professional recognition. Beside teaching in college of nursing other job opportunities are also available for nurses like bed side nursing care in hospital, community or public health nurse, and nursing administration. For Indian nurses there are bright job prospects in foreign countries like USA, Australia, Canada and UK where they can enjoy a relatively good status of the profession.2 Keeping this in mind the present study was undertaken.
Objective: To compare the perception of nursing s tudents towards nursing profession among nursing students undertaking courses in GNM, B.Sc Nursing, PB B.Sc Nursing and M.Sc. Nursing
Material &Methods: This cross-sectional survey was conducted among nursing students of Gian Sagar College of Nursing, Ram Nagar, Patiala. All the students of B.Sc. Nursing, GNM, Post Basic B.Sc. Nursing and M.Sc. Nursing were included in the study except those who were absent on the day of data collection and unwilling to participate. Sample size was 367. Structured questionnaire was prepared. It has two parts- part 1 includes socio- demographic data (age, class, qualication, marital status, habitat), data related to profession such as any family member/ relative in nursing, reason to join nursing, plan for higher study, plan to join after course completion i.e. teaching or clinical. Part II consisted of 26 statements on 5 point Likert scale related to denition (9 items), job (5 items), social status (7 items) and professional status (5 items). Options for each statement ranged from strongly Disagree score =1, Disagree score=2, Not sure score=3, Agree score=4, strongly agree score=5. Maximum score was 130 and minimum was 26. Perception score was categorized into Low (<40), average (41-80) and high score (81-130). Content validity of the tool was established by ve experts from the eld of nursing and psychiatric department. Reliability of the tool was established by Cronbach’s Alpha(r=.766). Ethical clearance was obtained from Institute Ethical Committee of Gian Sagar Medical College, Ram Nagar, Patiala. Written consent was taken from participants before data collection. Questionnaire was distributed in classrooms and collected after half an hour. Collected data was analyzed using descriptive s t a t i s t i cs ( f requency, percentage, mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (ANOVA, Post Hoc analysis).
Results: Table1 depicts that 45.2% students were in the age group of 21-22years, 20.7% students were below 20 years and almost same percentage were above 23 years. One third of students (33.3%) were undertaking BSc nursing program and 41.7% students were doing GNM. Majority of students (73%) had academic qualication10+2. Most of students (96.5%) were unmarried and 58% students were residing in rural area. Two third of students (64%) planned for higher education and 58.8% students wanted to join bedside nursing.
Fig 1 depicts that 31.9% nursing students joined nursing profession to serve humanity, 27.2% wanted to go abroad.
Others joined nursing with own interest (12%) or under family pressure (10.6%). Only 8.4% students perceived good scope of nursing and 5.4% joined nursing for carrier settlement. Only 4.4% nursing students reported nursing as good profession.
Table 2 illustrated that maximum students strongly agreed / agreed that nursing is a humanitarian profession, almost all were strongly agreed / agreed with the statement that Nursing is a profession that contribute to the health and wellbeing of person, Most of them (85%) strongly agreed / agreed with the statement that nurses follows scientic principles while providing patient care and almost all (95%) strongly agreed / agreed that nurses educate public in regard to health measures, 94.7% students were strongly agreed / agreed with the statement that the Knowledge base for care describes the science of nursing. More than half (52%) students disagree that nurses maintain sympathetic attitude with their patients.
Table no 3 depicted that 58.5%students was strongly agreed that nurses consume lot of time in paperwork; 63.2% students agreed that nursing profession have autonomy in decision making and practice. More than half of students (55.8%) agreed that Nurses can be employed in wide variety of clinical areas after nursing course and 53.6% agreed that nurses get a chance to use their own initiative in patient care.
Table 4 has shown that half of the students rated their profession higher than others in regard to qualication and training. One
Table 1: Socio-demographic & nursing profession related variables of subjects
N=367
| Socio demographic variables | n (%) | |
| Age (in years) | ||
| 100 (27.2) | ||
| a) ≤20 | ||
| b) 21-22 | 166 (45.2) | |
| c) ≥23 | 101 (27.5) | |
| Class | ||
| 153 (41.7) | ||
| a) GNM | ||
| b) B.Sc. Nursing | 122 (33.3) | |
| c) Post basic B.Sc. Nursing. | 68 (18.5) | |
| d) M.Sc. Nursing | 24 ( 6.5) | |
| Qualification | ||
| 267 (72.8) | ||
| a) 10+2 | ||
| b) BA &BBA | 03 ( 0.8) | |
| c) GNM | 67 (18.2) | |
| d) B.Sc. Nursing | 23 ( 6.3) | |
| e) B.Sc Medical | 04 ( 1.1) | |
| f) Post Basic B.Sc nursing | 03 ( 0.8) | |
| Marital status | ||
| 354 (96.5) | ||
| a) Unmarried | ||
| b) Married | 13 ( 3.5) | |
| Habitat | ||
| 213 (58.0) | ||
| a) Rural | ||
| b) Urban | 154 (42.0) | |
| Any family member or relative in nursing | ||
| 118 (32.2) | ||
| a) Yes | ||
| b) No | 249 (67.8) | |
| Plan for higher study | ||
| 235 (64.0) | ||
| a) Yes | ||
| b) No | 17 ( 4.7) | |
| c) Not sure | 115 (31.3) |
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
Table 2: Item wise analysis of student’s perception scores towards definition of Nursing
N=367
| Statements | Stron gly Agree
5 n(%) |
Agree 4 n(%) |
Not sure 3 n(%) |
Disag ree 2 n(%) |
Stron gly Disag ree
1 n(%) |
Mean+ SD |
| Definition | ||||||
| Nursing is a humanitarian profession | 212
(57.7) |
151
(41.1) |
– | 1
(0.27) |
3
(0.81) |
4.55+0.
603 |
| Nursing is a profession that contribute to
the health and well being of person |
231
(62.9) |
133
(36.2) |
– | – | 2
(0.54) |
4.60
+0.603 |
| Nurse follows scientic principles while
providing patient care |
102
(27.7) |
210(57.
2) |
45
(12.2) |
7
(1.90) |
3
(0.81) |
4.09+0.
737 |
| Nurses educate public in regard to
health measures |
121
(32.9) |
229
(62.3) |
14
(3.81) |
2
(0.54) |
1
(0.27) |
4.27+0.
587 |
| Nursing profession increase or restore
self care ability of patient |
139
(37.8) |
218
(59.4) |
10
(2.72) |
– | – | 4.35+0.
532 |
| Nursing is a profession that contribute to
the health and well being of person |
231
(62.9) |
133
(36.2) |
– | – | 2
(0.54) |
4.60
+0.603 |
| The Knowledge base for care describe
the science of nursing |
93
(25.3) |
255
(69.4) |
17
(4.6) |
– | 2
(0.54) |
4.19+0.
595 |
| Nursing profession integrates current research and evidence based ndings to
provide the highest level of care |
116
(45.2) |
204
(55.5) |
43
(11.7) |
3
(0.81) |
1(0.27
) |
4.17+0.
679 |
| Nursing is an art as it used skilled application of knowledge to help others
to improve quality of life |
177
(48.2) |
185
(50.4) |
3
(0.81) |
2
(0.54) |
– |
4.46
+0.546 |
| Nurse maintain sympathetic
professional relationship with patients |
8
(2.17) |
14
(3.81) |
44
(11.9) |
191
(52) |
110
(29.9) |
1.96
+0.877 |
Table 3:Item wise analysis of student’s perception scores towards job of Nursing
N=367
| Statements | Strongly Agree
5 n(%) |
Agree 4 n(%) |
Not sure 3 n(%) |
Disagree 2 n(%) |
Strongly Disagree 1
n(%) |
Mean+ SD |
| Nurses can be employed in wide
variety of clinical areas after nursing course |
129
(35.1) |
205
(55.8) |
23
(6.26) |
8
(2.17) |
2
(0.54) |
4.23+
0.707 |
| Nursing profession have autonomy in | 60 | 232 | 58 | 8 | 9 | 3.89+ |
| decision making and practice | (16.3) | (63.2) | (15.8) | (2.17) | (2.45) | 0.787 |
| Nurse get a chance to use their own | 86 | 197 | 66 | 13 | 5 | 3.94+ |
| initiative in patient care | (23.4) | (53.6) | (17.9) | (3.54) | (1.36) | 0.823 |
| Nurse obey doctor’s order without | 117 | 164 | 65 | 14 | 7 | 4.01 + |
| interfering in their order | (31.8) | (44.6) | (17.7) | (3.81) | (1.90) | 0.907 |
| Nurses consume lot of time in paper | 215 | 98 | 42 | 9 | 3 | 4.40 |
| work | (58.5) | (26.7) | (11.4) | (2.45) | (0.81) | +0.846 |
third of students (38.4%) were moderately satised with salary; 65.6% students agreed that nurses care for patients while maintaining ethical standards of care; 31.88% students reported if they got a chance, they would like to shift to other profession; 45.23% students strongly agreed that nurses do hard work but do not receive due appreciation from patients and health care professionals.
Table 5 depicted that maximum students agreed that nursing profession in its own way is trying to improve the quality of life as it endeavors to make better human being ;47.6% reported that with their chosen profession their social status will be good in society; 35.1% students agreed that a nursing profession is a well appreciated profession in the society. One third of students (35%) disagreed / strongly disagreed that If I have given a chance I shall put my children in nursing profession.
Table 6 &7 depicted that there was highly signicant difference (F-16.686,p<0.000) between perception mean scores of different classes. Post hoc analysis further proven that GNM and Post Basic B.sc nursing students have better perception scores towards profession as compared to B.Sc nursing and M.Sc nursing students.
Multiple comparison are shown in Table 8 &9 indicates that there was signicant difference (p<0.05) between perception score and plan for higher study and plan to join teaching or bed side nursing after
Table 4:Item wise analysis of student’s perception scores towards professional status
|
Professional Status: |
Much higher 5 n(%) | Higher 4
n(%) |
As per 3 n(%) | Low 2 n(%) | Very low 1
n(%) |
| In regard to qualication and training I rate my profession in comparison with
other as |
69
(18.8) |
184
(50.1) |
81
(22.0) |
29
(7.90) |
4
(1.08) |
| Extremely satisfying 5 | Very satisfyi ng
4 |
Mode rately satisfy ing 3 | Poorly satisfyin g
2 |
Not satisfying 1 | |
| With regards to economic status like salary , allowance I rate my profession
as |
21
(5.72) |
55
(14.9) |
141
(38.4) |
103
(28.0) |
47
(12.8) |
| All at once1 | Quickl y2 | Slowl y
3 |
Relucta ntly4 | never 5 | |
| If given a chance, I will like to shift to
other profession |
117
(31.8) |
26
(7.08) |
80
(21.7) |
91
(24.7) |
53
(14.4) |
| Strongly
Agree |
Agree | Not
sure |
Disagree | Strongly
Disagree |
|
| Nurses do hard work but does not receive due appreciation from patients
and health care professionals |
166
(45.2) |
162
(44.1) |
30
(8.17) |
2
(0.54) |
7
(1.9) |
| Nurses care for patients while
maintaining ethical standards of care |
76
(20.7) |
241
(65.6) |
43
(11.7) |
5
(1.36) |
2
(0.54) |
Table 5: Item wise analysis of student’s perception scores towards social status
| Statements | Strongly Agree
5n(%) |
Agree 4(%) | Not sure
3n(%) |
Disagree 2n(%) | Strongly Disagree
1n(%) |
| A nursing profession is a well appreciated Profession in the society |
41(11.1) |
129
(35.1) |
130
(35.4) |
40(10.8) |
27(7.3) |
| Excellent | Good | So so | Poor | Very poor | |
| In the society, as result of my profession that I have chosen,
my social status will be |
85 (23.1) | 175
(47.6) |
100
(27.2) |
7 (1.90) | – |
| Yes yes | Yes | Yes
/No |
No | No No | |
| My profession in its own way is trying to improve the quality of life as it endeavors to make
better human being |
128 (34.8) |
216
(58.8) |
19
(5.17) |
2 (0.54) |
2(0.54) |
| For superior to
profession |
Superior to professio
n |
Equal to profess
ion |
Less than professio
n |
Much less than profession | |
| Keeping in view individual factors like intelligence, capacity, carefulness, I
genuinely feel that I am |
31 (8.44) |
137
(37.3) |
169
(46) |
28(7.62) |
2 (0.54) |
| Strongly
Agree |
Agree |
Not
sure |
Disagree |
Strongly
Disagree |
|
| If I have given a chance I shall put my children in my
profession |
35(9.53) | 100
(27.2) |
103
(28) |
44 (11.9) | 85(23.1) |
|
Very pleasing |
Pleasing |
Okay |
Somewh at displeasi
ng |
Displeasing |
|
| To my family, relatives & friends my profession appears to
be |
78(21.2) | 118
(32.1) |
138
(37.6) |
20 (5.44) | 13 (3.54) |
| Strongly
Agree |
Agree |
Not
sure |
Disagree |
Strongly
Disagree |
|
| People respect nursing
profession |
25 (6.81) | 114 (31) | 126
(34.3) |
45 (12.2) | 57(15.5) |
course completion There was no signicant ( p> 0 . 05 ) difference between mean perception scores and age, qualication, marital status, habitat, any family member in nursing.
Table 10 has shown that reason to join nursing was signicantly associated (χ² test-42.172, p value-<0.01) with perception scores of students. There was no signicant (p>0.05) association between perception scores and age, qualication, marital status, habitat, any family member in nursing, plan to join after course and plan for higher score.
Table 6 Comparison of mean perception scores between different classes
N=367
|
Class |
N |
Mean |
Std. Deviation |
Std. Error |
Between group Sum of squares,
Mean square (df) |
within group Sum of squares ,
Mean square (df) |
F value |
| B.Sc Nursing | 122 | 95.56 | 9.13 | .82 | 3390.92
1130.30 (3) |
24589.31 67.73 (363) |
16.68 |
| GNM | 153 | 102.56 | 7.34 | .59 | |||
| Post basicB.Sc
Nursing |
68 | 101.00 | 7.91 | .96 | |||
| M.Sc Nursing | 24 | 98.67 | 9.56 | 1.95 | |||
| Total | 367 | 99.64 | 8.74 | .45 |
Signicant at p<.000***
Table: 7 Multiple Comparison of mean perception scores between classes (Post hoc test (Tukey HSD) N=367
| Class cat | Class cat | Mean Difference | Std. Error | P value | |
| B.Sc Nursing | GNM | -6.89(*) | .999 | <.001 | |
| PB B.Sc. | -5.44(*) | 1.246 | <.001 | ||
| M.Sc | -3.11 | 1.838 | .33 | ||
| GNM | B.Sc
Post Basic B.Sc |
-6.89(*) 1.45 | .999
1.200 |
.001
.62 |
|
| M.Sc | 3.78 | 1.807 | .16 | ||
| Post Basic B.Sc Nursing | B.Sc GNM | 5.44*
-1.45 |
1.246
1.200 |
<.001
.62 |
|
| M.Sc | 2.33 | 1.954 | .63 | ||
| M.Sc
Nursing |
B.Sc GNM | 3.11
-3.78 |
1.838
1.807 |
.33
.16 |
|
| Post Basic | -2.33 | 1.954 | .63 |
Signicant at p <0.05
Table 8: Multiple Comparison between perception scores and plan to join after course
| Plan to join after
course |
Mean difference | Std.Error | P value | |
| Teaching | Bedside nursing | .38 | .93 | .91 |
| Undecided | 11.63 | 3.94 | .009 | |
| Bedside nursing | Teaching | -.38 | .93 | .91 |
| Undecided | 11.24 | 3.92 | .01 |
Table 9 Comparison between perception scores and plan for higher study
| Plan for higher
study |
Mean difference | Std.Error | Sig. | |
| Yes | No | 5.607* | 2.22 | .03 |
| Undecided | 2.713* | 1.006 | .02 | |
| No | Yes | -5.607* | 2.22 | .03 |
| Undecided | -2.893 | 2.29 | .42 |
Table 10 Association between reason to join nursing and perception score
| Reason to join nursing | Low score (< 40) | Average score (41-80) | High score (81-130) | χ² test, df,
p value |
| Want to go abroad | 37 | 46 | 17 |
42.172, 16, <0.01 |
| Aim of life | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
| Carrier settlement | 5 | 10 | 5 | |
| Family pressure | 16 | 17 | 5 | |
| Get degree | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Good profession | 3 | 5 | 6 | |
| Good scope | 13 | 14 | 4 | |
| Serve humanity | 18 | 52 | 48 |
Discussion
Professional perception has a great inuence on the development of nursing students, and the future quality care. Nursing. Students have a wide range of pre- existing perceptions about nursing. Many students adopt nursing as a profession for the reason of job security, easy access to job and diverse opportunities in the career. Many students prefer nursing for going abroad as in those countries it is better respected and well paid profession5. Nursing faculty should understand the perception of students during their study period towards nursing and should take appropriate action to promote positive
perception among students and public towards nursing profession. If students and public will be aware about role and responsibilities of nurse in health sector and their job opportunities within profession, it will ultimately improve student satisfaction towards their career choice.6
The sample of the present study consists of female nursing students with age group 21- 23 yrs from different nursing courses. Most of the previous studies also reported the same sample characteristics.2, 6 Majority of the outgoing nursing students were not having any family member or relative in nursing profession. It indirectly suggests that those who are already in this profession do not want their children or relatives in to the nursing profession. Our nding supports the results of survey of American Nurses Association.1 This study concluded that a majority of the respondents preferred bedside nursing and teaching after the graduation. The reason behind preferring bed side nursing may be that most of the students want to satisfy economic needs of their family on priority basis as jobs in bed side nursing are easily available2. Patidar, Kaur and Sharma 20112 reported in their study that maximum students preferred teaching job as compared to Bedside. With lapse of time preference has been changed due to difference in pay scale between bedside and teaching job. In Govt. sector Bedside nursing has high pay scale as compared to teaching job in private nursing colleges.
Overall majority of the students joined nursing profession to serve humanity, bright prospective in abroad, good future, interest and their carrier settlement. Only 10% joined this profession due to family pressure. Bahraini nursing students perceived nursing as providing care, helping people, and a humanitarian vocation.7 These results were congruent with the studies done in other countries.3,8,9 Young people come into the nursing profession because of the great job security and opportunity for continuing education; availability of variety of roles, exibility of job and unconditional and seless service to humanity (International Council For Nursing, 2010; Vanhanen & Janhonen 2000; Glacken & O’brien2007).10,11one hundred forty one s tudents were moderately satised with economic status of nurses. They also considered that nurses have lower social status as compared with other professionals, especially physicians. These ndings were similar with other studies.7,8 In this study GNM students have positive perception scores towards profession as compared to other courses. Perception of the B. Sc. nursing students was alarming towards nursing profession as signicant number of them did not perceive nursing as a dignied and respectful profession to get due social recognition, and equal to other professions. These ndings are similar to other studies2,4,9,12,13
From this study, it is concluded that student’s perception about the nursing profession has been more to the positive side than the negative side. GNM, PB B.Sc. Nursing & M.Sc. Nursing students have better perception towards nursing profession as compared to B.Sc. Nursing students. Overall GNM students have positive perception towards nursing profession as compared to B.Sc.Nursing & PB B.Sc. Nursing & M.Sc. Nursing students
Therefore, it is recommended that administrators should provide better clinical facilities for training of nursing students and provide good salary package as it will automatically improve the perception and attitude of students towards nursing profession. Nursing educators should take action to promote favorable perception of students towards profession among future graduate nursing students.
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